Crocs Case Study - 1443 Words

Crocs made a splash in 2003 when they introduced their funny looking, brightly colored, plastic clogs that the whole family could wear (Hoyt Silverman, 2008). By 2007, the company reported $847 million in revenues (von Briesen, 2009). From preschoolers to doctors, these shoes appealed to a vast array of consumers. The reason for Crocs’ success over the past few years can be attributed to their value chain strategy in which customers ultimately had the power (Robbins Coulter, 2009). Value chains exist to create value for the customer at each step of the product’s life, from raw materials to marketing to final product disposal or reuse (â€Å"Value Chain,† n.d.). The sequence of this chain is intended to create a high value product for the†¦show more content†¦Additionally, their initial marketing tactics gave them an opportunity to identify customer needs (â€Å"The Value Chain,† 2010). When the company first started out, Crocs employees would pe rsonally interact with customers at trade shows and retail stores to educate customers and also create a buzz about their product (Hoyt Silverman, 2008). Furthermore, the most significant part of Crocs’ value chain is their success in making their product ubiquitous and easily attainable. Most shoe companies produce a limited amount of inventory per season and when the inventory is depleted, customers are out of luck until the next season. However, Crocs revolutionized the traditional shoe market with their ability to manufacture more shoes as needed. This flexibility exceeded customers’ needs because the company was able to supply an increase in demand within the same season (Hoyt Silverman, 2008). Finally, Crocs saw the value chain through to the end stage by offering their customers a way of giving back by recycling Crocs they no longer used. Crocs’ partnership with a company called Soles4Souls allows customers to donate their gently used shoes to the less fortunate (â€Å"Donate Your Crocs,† 2010). Crocs’ sequence of â€Å"organizational work activities† added value at each step (Robbins Coulter, 2009, p. 431). Additional value was added to their value chain by increasing variety of the product (â€Å"Value Chain,† 2010). Whether you lovedShow MoreRelatedCrocs Case Study2682 Words   |  11 Pages The ability to fulfill orders based off of true and current demand is the staple of the Crocs supply chain. The flexibility in the Crocs supply chain has been in the company’s ability to provide additional products within the same season of release by not requiring their customers to order one time for the season and months in advance (Marks, Holloway, Lee, Hoyt, Silverman, 2011, para. 11). However, this design is not without dependency for a demand for the product. In its current structureRead MoreCrocs Case Study1351 Words   |  6 Pages The history of Crocs can be roughly summed up as three friends that pursued an idea and it worked. Crocs established in 2002 after three friends took a fishing trip to the Caribbean. Lyndon â€Å"Duke† Hanson, Scott Seamans and George Boedecker, were so impressed with the slip-resistant foam shoes, they decided to sell the Canadian produced clog shoes manufactured by Finproject NA out of a leased warehouse in Florida. The friends choose the name Croc to â€Å"capture the amphibious nature of the product.†Read MoreEssay about Crocs Case Study1385 Words   |  6 Pagesbusinesses and the footwear industry is no exception. Datamonitor’s profile of the industry estimates that in 2008 the global footwear market was valued at $196.6 billion and projects that figure to grow to 232.1 billion by 2013. How can firms such as CROCS or ECCO succeed in this global market? Datamonitor points out that this industry is highly competitive and that rivalry between firms is strong. A key success factor for the footwear industry is the successful development and management of a profitableRead MoreCrocs Case Study Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesCASE: Crocs, Inc. 1. Which comparable company is a useful peer for valuation purposes as of the case date? Will it continue to be a good match into the future? Lululemon is a useful peer for valuation purposes as of the case date. There are three main factors to determine a useful peer. First one is comparable growth. Fiscal year 2006 sales growth of Crocs had been %227 and growth of over %130 was likely for fiscal year 2007. On the other side, compound annual growth rate of sales of Lululemon isRead MoreCrocs Case Study Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesCrocs emerged in 2003, quickly growing in both scope and profitability as a result of its unique value chain management system. Foregoing traditional models, Crocs q uickly acquired and established a world-wide network of supply, manufacturing, production, and delivery systems. This gave Crocs the ability to minimize costs, maximize efficiency, and deliver the best value to their customers. Within this customer-focused framework, Crocs created a unique global value management system, superior inRead MoreCrocs, Inc. Case Study Report Essay2078 Words   |  9 PagesUNIVERSITY CROCS, INC. Case Study Report  ¹ SUBMITTED TO PROF. NEIL COHEN School of Business and Public Management The George Washington University BY Anil Kumar Cheerla FINA 6224 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT WASHINGTON, DC January 26, 2011 Q1: Consider which comparable peers are good matches and use them to perform a multiples analysis, calculating and defending an estimate of Crocs value. Soln: Comparable companies analysis – Done to determine appropriate valuation multiple for Crocs, Inc.Read MoreEssay Value Chain Management - Crocs Case Study1257 Words   |  6 PagesCrocs splashed onto the scene in 2002 with brightly colored plastic shoes that the whole family could wear. From preschoolers to doctors, these shoes appealed to a vast array of consumers. The reason for Crocs’ success can be attributed to their value chain development. Value chains exist to enhance value created at every step of the manufacturing process, from raw materials to final product disposal or reuse (â€Å"Value Chain,† n.d.). The sequence of this chain gives the customer high value for a lowRead MoreEssay about Value Chain at Crocs, Inc.977 Words   |  4 PagesThe first impression one might have about Crocs products are that they are basically plastic looking shoes that are comfortable and readily available. Customers familiar with this product boast, like on the company website, about the company’s proprietary closed-cell resin, Crosliteâ„ ¢, a technology that gives each pair of shoes the soft, comfortable, lightweight, non-marking and odor-resistant qualities(Company.crocs.com, 2011). There are also various comments about how the material does notRead MoreSwot Analysis : Publix Inc. Core Competencies888 Words   |  4 PagesCrocs Case Analysis This case analysis will discuss Crocs, Inc. core competencies and explain how Croc should exploit these competencies in the future. There will be an examination of options and an identified recommended choice (i.e. further vertical integration, growth by acquisition, or growth by product extension). In addition, there will be a review of the alternatives that fit and do not fit within the company’s core competencies. Finally, there will be a recommendation on how Crocs shouldRead MoreCrocs Shoes Itself in Global Supply Chain2868 Words   |  12 PagesBy: Hanan Alzayied KMBS student-Kuwait-July2012 Crocs Shoes itself in Global Supply Chain Abstract: Crocs, Inc. is a U.S. based shoe designer, manufacturer, and retailer that launched its business in 2002 selling Crocsâ„ ¢ brand casual plastic clogs with straps in a variety of solid, bright colors, Crocsâ„ ¢ introduced an innovative shoe made of a revolutionary material called Crosliteâ„ ¢ technology which held unique characteristics that allowed it to perform on both land and in water. The

Spartans and Special Forces Free Essays

The Spartans were the Special Forces (SF) of their time. Now we have Delta Force, Navy SEALS, Green Berets, Marine Force RECON and Army Rangers. All are small elite groups of warriors trained to kill. We will write a custom essay sample on Spartans and Special Forces or any similar topic only for you Order Now How many of today’s warriors would equal one Spartan? Given the vast differences in technology and the way that battles are fought, who would come out on top? Spartan warriors are taken from their families at the age of seven to begin the training of a warrior. These boys where placed into groups also referred to as â€Å"packs† and sent to Agoge, what we today call boot camp. While in Agoge they became accustomed to hardship and given just minimal amounts of food and clothing to survive. By having just enough to get by they were encouraged to steal. If they where caught stealing they would be punished, not for stealing, but for being caught. The boys where also encouraged to compete in mock fights and games to promote unity. They learned songs of Spartan victories and how to read and write. They didn’t learn how to read and write for cultural purposes, but rather so that they could read maps. When the boys reached the age of 12 they became youths. Much more was demanded of youths than children. They began a more intensified physical training regime, were given extra tasks and discipline became harsher. They were forced to go barefoot and wear only a tunic in both summer and winter. When the boys reached the age of 18 they became young adults. They served as trainers for the youths. Also included in this category where the most promising youths. These elite boys where the ones that stood out among all others and chosen for possible leadership positions. When a Spartan turned 20 years of age he became eligible for service in the military. They joined a â€Å"messes† ( a group meal ) consisting of fifteen men of various ages. The ones who where not chosen for the messes where given a lesser citizenship. Only soldiers where of equal status and rank. Until the age of thirty the Spartan soldiers spent almost all of their time in the barracks with the unit. This included even soldiers that where married. Spartans remained in the military until the age of sixty. Today, at the age of seven, children are in school and living with their families in a warm home. They have enough food and clothing provided that there is no need to steal. The only type of training they are receiving is basic schooling and fighting gets you in nothing but trouble. The only other type of military training a child can receive would be if they where sent to a military academy and only wealthiest of families can afford to do that. At the age of 12 what was expected of youths is a little more demanding than that of a child. You are expected to do more chores and the physical training is from playing with your friends or gym class at school. We definitely didn’t wear a tunic in both summer and winter and you are only barefoot if you want to be. We have plenty of clothes for all seasons and footwear to stay protected from the elements. Now we reach the age of 18 and you have either graduated from high school or received your GED. Then and only then you are allowed to join the military after meeting one of these two goals. For the most fortunate of this age group, they may go to college. For the ones who want to become leaders in the military they go to a military academy like West Point or The Citadel to become officers. For those who chose to just join the military, they go to basic training. This is nothing compared to what the Spartans have already been through. They have already been in training now for 12 years. Basic training only lasts eight weeks and then you go on to your military occupational specialty (MOS) school which could last up to a year. If you become and infantryman like a Spartan begins as, you have an additional 11 weeks of training to complete. In the Army you can apply for Special Forces Green Berets, and if you are chosen you now begin more intensified training. If you are one of the few enlisted men or officers chosen for Special Forces you now must complete the SF Qualification (Q) Course. The Q Course can last anywhere from 12 to 24 months depending on the MOS you choose. Special Forces soldiers have four MOS categories to choose from: Weapons Expert (18B), Engineer (18C), Medic (18D) and Communications (18E). When an officer trains for SF they are only given one MOS to choose from Career Management (18A). When you have completed your SF training you are then assigned to your unit and then to your team. At age 20 you have been in the military for two to three years and have moved up the ranks to at least a Specialist or Corporal in the Army. If you chose to go one of the military academies you are half way through your training and the process of getting your degree, which is required to be an officer in the military. Unlike Spartans though, today you are allowed to be at home with your family and only if you are single you are not committed to staying in the barracks with the unit. There are other daily rituals that you do while with your unit, such as physical training (PT), training with the unit at the range and cleaning your equipment. Those are only a few of the things that you do with the unit. Special Forces units, unlike Spartans, have what is referred to as a Real World Mission, meaning they can deploy to any part of the world within 24 hours. They are SF Teams deployed today in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, the war on drugs in Central and South America and SF Teams in Africa on Peace Keeping missions. When you reach your 20 year mark in the military you have the choice of retiring or staying in longer. If I where to have stayed in for twenty years I would have retired at the age of 42. Being part of the military until the age of 60 is not required of any soldier today. Spartans, like the citizens of many other Greek States, where trained as soldiers and used the Phalanx formation in battle. The Phalanx formation was rectangular in design and the Spartans where the masters in the use of this formation. The traditional formation consisted of a strait line of men in a file 8 to 12 deep. This formation used pushing and required a lot of strength and stamina to endure long days of fighting. The Elite, as they are referred to, would take up the honorary right flank when fighting with their allies. When they broke through the line of the enemy, as they usually did, the Spartans would sweep left and roll through the enemy. The picture below is that of a Phalanx formation and shows the position of Elite forces on the honorary right side of the formation. [pic] [pic] The above picture is that of a Phalanx formation. The tactics of today’s soldier are vastly more superior because of the way battles are fought. Battles today are not fought by masses of men on one field of battle slugging it out with spears, swords and shields. Today, we rely heavily on technology to fight our battles. The Spartans didn’t have the luxury of a Tomahawk cruise missile or artillery barrage to soften a target before attacking the enemy. Special Forces soldiers are taught Small Unit Tactics, SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape) tactics, Combat Skills Training and Special Forces Field Craft Training. All of this training combined prepares the soldiers for their Unconventional Warfare Combat Exercise called â€Å"Robin Sage† at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. This exercise demonstrates the skills that the Special Forces soldiers have been taught over a 28 day period. For a Spartan to have achieved this type of training he would have been training for almost 14 years. The Spartan would have been much more refined in his combat skills than the average Special Forces soldier. Spartans wore hoplite armor which consisted of armor with flanged bronze cuirasses, leg greaves and a Corinthian style helmet. The weapons they would have carried into battle would have been a bronze shield weighing up to 15 pounds known as a Hoplon, a 6 to 10 foot spear called a Sarissas for thrusting at advancing soldiers and a two foot long sword called a Xiphos for thrusting and cutting in close combat. All of this equipment was simple and yet very effective on the battlefield. Below is a picture of a Spartan soldier with all of his equipment needed for battle. [pic] The equipment of a Special Forces soldiers varies drastically from one combat theatre to the next. The basic equipment used consists of a uniform with boots, knee pads, elbow pads, protective eyewear, Interceptor Body armor with Ballistic plates to stop a hi-powered rifle round, a ballistic helmet. The weapons carried by Special Forces Soldiers also vary from mission to mission. The basic weapons carried on a mission for an SF soldier are an M-4 5. 6 millimeter Carbine, M-9 9 millimeter pistol, a bayonet, ammunition for both the pistol and rifle and hand grenades. Below is a group of Special Forces Soldiers posing for a photo in Iraq. [pic] In my opinion, the Spartans would be the toughest of the tough. They endured many more hardships over the span of their lifetime. They where taken from their families at the age of s even and spent their lives in the military. We, on the other hand, have all the luxuries one could ever want, and more. We are not brought up to be killing machines like the Spartans were. Thankfully most of us will never have to kill another human being in our lifetime. References Headquarters, Department of the Army, Field Manual (FM) 3-05, Army Special Operations Forces, September 2006 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces_Qualification_Course Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Robin_Sage ABC News, Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://a.abcnews.com/images/International/ht_berets06_070530_ssh.jpg Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: November 11, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: November 11, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartan_Army Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_formation Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hop2.jpg Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_Phalanx.jpg Military Factory, website about ancient and modern weapons and armor Retrieved: December 13, 2009 from http://www.militaryfactory.com/ancient-warfare/spartan-hoplite.asp How to cite Spartans and Special Forces, Papers

A critical analysis of CSRs financial reporting disclosures Essay Example For Students

A critical analysis of CSRs financial reporting disclosures Essay Table of Contentss Executive Summary 1.Introduction 2.The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2.1.The aim of general intent of fiscal coverage 2.2.The qualitative features of utile fiscal information 3.A critical reappraisal of the revelations of Property, Plant and Equipment 3.1.The construct of the revelation of fiscal information 3.2.The revelation for PPE in CSR 3.3.The revelations of PPE and the qualitative features of utile fiscal information 4.Conclusion and recommendations 5.List of mentions 6.Appendix Outline1 Executive Summary2 1. Introduction3 2. The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting4 2.1. The aim of general intent of fiscal coverage5 2.2. The qualitative features of utile fiscal information6 3. A critical reappraisal of the revelations of Property, Plant and Equipment7 3.1. The construct of the revelation of fiscal information8 3.2. The revelation for PPE in CSR9 3.3. The revelations of PPE and the qualitative features of utile fiscal information10 4. Decision and recommendations11 5. List of mentions12 6. Appendix Executive Summary The primary purpose of this study was to find whether the revelation demands for Property, Plant and Equipment ( PPE ) in the latest one-year study in CSR were satisfied and whether it was qualified as utile and relevant fiscal information. At first, the object of general purpose fiscal coverage ( GPFR ) and the qualitative features of utile fiscal information were exhaustively reviewed. Then, the revelations of PPE in the fiscal statements were critically analysed based on AASB116. Under the thorough probe, it was found that the demands of the revelations of PPE in CSR were sufficiently satisfied and it was qualified as utile fiscal information, though a certain feature may non hold been included. Meanwhile, the significance that the utile fiscal statement must be qualified based on both the revelations demands by AASB116 and The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting by IASB were highlighted in the undertaking. Besides, a possible recommended action for an addition in the dep endability of the revelation of PPE in CSR was provided. 1. Introduction Fiscal studies are by and large prepared by entities to supply information that is important to extra users to do concern determinations. The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting ( CFFR ) is critically of import for the users who are trusting on the entity’s fiscal studies. Unlike Australian Accounting Standard Board ( AASB ) , CFFR may non mandatory regulations for all entities ; nevertheless, it is likely the important tool for AASB to publish accounting criterions and regulations. As an addition in the users demand for the fiscal studies that must be utile and dependable, CFFR is the rule that an entity can non disregard. In order to fulfill the demand, the aim of General Purpose of Financial Report ( GPFR ) and the qualitative features of utile fiscal information should be reviewed and applied. Meanwhile, to show the dependable and faithful representation of the fiscal studies, it is of import to analyze whether the revelation demands for Property, Plant and Equipm ent ( PPE ) are adequately met. This study will specify the aim of GPFR and the qualitative features of utile fiscal information. Besides, this will analyze whether the company fulfil the revelation demands for PPE based on AASB116, whether it is qualified as utile fiscal information and discuss methods to run into the standards. 2. The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2.1. The aim of general intent of fiscal coverage The aim of general intent of fiscal coverage ( GPFR ) is to supply utile and relevant fiscal information for bing users: investors, loaners and other creditors who are trusting on the information ( IFRS Foundation 2010 ) . The users will be able to make up ones mind whether to put, which company to corporate with, and where to sell and purchase a certain resources. While its significance, it is stated that the users can non straight require an administration to supply the fiscal studies for their peculiar demands and therefore they need to trust on GPFR ( IFRS Foundation 2010 ) . This could take an entity to be just to all bing users in markets. Besides, GPFR requires an entity to provides the information about a alteration in economic resources resulted from the past minutess and events, which helps users to measure an entity’s liquidness and solvency ( IFRS Foundation 2010 ) . The revelation of entity’s fiscal public presentation throughout periods would significantly impact on user’s fiscal determinations. 2.2. The qualitative features of utile fiscal information In order to be qualified as utile and relevant fiscal information, there are by and large certain features that should be included in the fiscal studies. As shown the figure1 below, the features are divided into two parts ; viz. , cardinal qualitative features: relevancy and faithful representation and heightening qualitative features: comparison, verifiability, seasonableness and comprehensibility. Figure 1: The qualitative features of utile fiscal information Features Description Cardinal qualitative features Relevance Relevant fiscal information is relevant to do determinations. Faithful representation All available information is dependably represented without mistakes. Enhancing qualitative features Comparison Users should be able to compare the information to its in different periods or companies. Verifiability The information can be represented dependably by sing economic phenomena and other fortunes. Seasonableness The latest information could be more utile than the older. Comprehensibility Clear and concise representation of information is apprehensible. Beginning: IFRS Foundation 2010 In following subdivision, the construct of the revelation of fiscal information will be mentioned before the representation of the chief issue, which is whether the company satisfy the revelation demands for PPE based on AASB116. Above the qualitative features of utile fiscal information will besides be utilised to measure the revelation of PPE as the utile fiscal information may be needed to carry through both the revelation demands and the above features. A Raisin In The Sun Essay Introduction** During the twelvemonth ended 31 March 2012, plus write downs and damages of $ 4.3 million related to site closings in the Building Products concern. Beginning: CSR Limited 2013 3.3. The revelations of PPE and the qualitative features of utile fiscal information As discussed in subdivision 3.1 and 3.2, it is understood that the aim of the revelation of PPE is to help users to understand an entity’s investing, their hazards and chances by supplying the information of depreciation, impairment losingss and a alteration in transporting sum during the period. Besides, it could be concluded that CSR could adequately content the demands for the revelation of PPE. To better its utility, it is rather of import to measure whether the revelation of PPE has included the qualitative features: relevancy, faithful representation, comparison, verifiability, seasonableness and comprehensibility, which were mentioned in subdivision 1. The revelations of PPE in CSR may hold satisfied at least two cardinal qualitative features: relevancy and faithful representation and three heightening qualitative features: comparison and seasonableness and comprehensibility. First, the information is likely relevant and faithful as it is utile for users to do determinations about puting resources to an entity and it was dependably represented without mistakes. Besides, the revelation of PPE provided both the current period and the old period that could enable users to compare the entity’s public presentation throughout the periods. Furthermore, this information is up to informations and briefly written that could fulfill seasonableness and comprehensibility. However, verifiability is the characteristic that is rather hard to be assessed accurately and therefore it could non confidently be stated that it was fulfilled. Although the Numberss or measures may hold been presented without mistakes, it is about impossible for the entity to absolutely predict hereafter hard currency flows ( Maines A ; Wahlen 2003 ) . While this is a dissatisfactory world, actions for sweetening should be taken. The revelation of the information about implicit in economic factors is considered to be important to better the dependability of accounting information ( Maines A ; Wahlen 2003 ) . This could allow users to obtain more dependable information from the revelation of PPE for their hereafter investing due to its sweetening in transparence. 4. Decision and recommendations This paper demonstrated the importance of certain features that should be included in the fiscal statements to supply utile and dependable fiscal information for users. This besides significantly linked to the aim of GPFR: to supply utile and relevant fiscal information for external and bing users and therefore it helps user’s to do concern determinations. Besides, this world could sufficiently recommend that the construct of the function of CFFR is to help Accounting Standard Board to put accounting criterions and regulations. Through thorough analysis on the revelations of PPE in CSR, it can be concluded that the revelation demands for PPE were sufficiently satisfied. However, since there may be the restriction in truth of supplying the information about future net hard currency flows by analyzing the current economic fortunes, at least one of qualitative features: verifiability may hold non been contented. Hence, notwithstanding the revelations of PPE in CSR is considered t o be utile and dependable, the information about implicit in economic premise could be provided to heighten its verifiability. 5. List of mentions Australian Accounting Standards Board 2012,Glossary of Defined Footings,Australian Accounting Standards Board, viewed 18 April 2014, lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/AASB_Glossary_30_September_2012.pdf gt ; Australian Accounting Standards Board 2013,Property, Plant and Equipment, Australian Accounting Standards Board, Melbourne. CSR Limited 2013,CSR Limited Annual Report 2013, CSR Limited, North Ryde, viewed 18 April 2014, lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.csr.com.au/Investor-Centre-and-News/Annual-Meetings-and-Reports/Documents/CSR % 20Annual % 20Report % 2031 % 20Mar % 202013.pdf gt ; IFRS Foundation 2010,Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2010, ISBN 978-1-907026-69-0, IFRS Foundation Publications Department, London. IFRS Foundation 2013,A Review of the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, ISBN: 978-1-909704-04-6, IFRS Foundation Publications Department, London. Pine tree states, L, A ; Wahlen, J 2006, The Nature of Accounting Information Reliability: Inferences from Archival and Experimental Research ,Accounting Horizons, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 399-425. 6. Appendix Amortization The depreciable sum of an plus that is consistently allocated over its utile life. Transporting sum The sum of an plus recognised after infering accrued depreciation and amortization and impairment losingss. Cost The sum of hard currency payment occurred when geting an plus. Depreciation The depreciable sum of an plus that is consistently allocated over its utile life. foreign currency dealing A dealing that requires transition in a foreign currency. Impairment loss The extra sum occurred by deducting the recoverable sum from the transporting sum. Property, works and equipment Tangible assets that are held for administrative intent and expected to utilize over one period. Reappraisal The procedure of repeating the value of assets and liabilities. Useful life The period of an plus that is expected to be useable. Table 1: Variables chiefly used in the revelations of PPT Beginning: Australian Accounting Standard Board 2012 Table 2: Abbreviations AASB Australian Accounting Standard Board CFFR Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting GPFR General Purpose of Financial Report IASB International Accounting Standard Board PPE Property, Plant and Equipment 1|Page

Should Euthanasia Be Allowed free essay sample

Should euthanasia be allowed? Euthanasia (from the Greek: meaning good death: , eu (well or good) + , thanatos (death)) refers to the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. Euthanasia should be and not should be allowed. It is ending a person’s pain and suffering, and if it’s the person’s decision to not live anymore, why not it is a sin to force people to live longer then they wanted. Unlike murder, euthanasia is not an act of violence. In an editorial in the Cleveland Plain Dealer, Dr. Eric Chevlen mentions that the courts have decided that the right to die should be made available to everyone (11B). Modern medical technology has allowed doctors to prolong life past the point of a patients natural death. In the case of euthanasia, the doctor needs to end suffering from cancer or AIDS and assist the patient to die comfortably. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Euthanasia Be Allowed? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Patients are beginning to assert their right to die rather than being kept alive forcibly. For example, a Texan who suffered burns in a gas explosion, Dan Cowart wanted to die even though he survived the accident. He believes that his rights were violated by the doctors who prevented his death through life- sustaining treatment (From Daily Mail). So euthanasia is actually not murdering people. It is ending a person’s life happily because we don’t want to see them suffering in this world, it is should not be illegal because we ‘help’ this person to end their pain. It is not an act of killing or violence. Human beings have the right to die when and how they want to. In cases where there are no dependants who might exert pressure one way or the other, the right of the individual to choose should be paramount. So long as the patient is lucid, and his or her intent is clear beyond doubt, there need be no further questions. The Independent, March 2002 From the quote, it is true that people, us, have our own decisions whether to die or not. We are owners of our body. We can decide what we want to do with it, good or bad depending on us. So if the person wants to be euthanized, and their decision is clear and beyond doubt, the person should be euthanize as he/she wishes. Keeping people alive costs a lot of money, which could be used to save other peoples lives. a survey of Welsh hospitals in Wales, 96 patients were identified who had been continuously resident for between 4 months and 20 years; they were aged between 15 and 65 years on admission. The commonest causes for such admissions were cerebrovascular accidents, trauma and diabetes. Suitable facilities for the long-term care and rehabilitation of such severely disabled young people are very limited in Wales. We can spend the money to sav e this people. Why spend all this money trying to save who can’t be save, instead we can use it for people that need it more. It is burdening our beloved ones, to see us being sick or in a coma without being cured. Karen Ann Quinlan, in 1975, after consuming alcohol and tranquilizers at a party, Quinlan collapsed into an irreversible coma that left her unable to breathe without a respirator or eat without a feeding tube. Her parents asked that she be removed from the respirator, but her doctors objected. The New Jersey Supreme Court case that followed was the first to bring the issue of euthanasia into the public eye. In 1976 the court allowed Quinlan’s parents to have the respirator removed. Although Quinlan lived for another nine years (www. e-notes. com). Quinlan parents are burdening to see her laying on the hospital, in a coma, even after 9 years she didn’t wake up. So why not just die when we know she’ll never wake up, and why wasting time for 9 years when we know he/she will never wake up, why not just euthanize so he/she can end their life, and they’re already half-dead too. People have the rights to choose whether they want to die or not. They say that our bodies are our own, and we should be allowed to do what we want with them. So its wrong to make anyone live longer than they want. In fact making people go on living when they dont want to violates their personal freedom and human rights. It’s immoral; to force people to continue living in suffering and pain. So euthanasia should not be illegal. pls take full credits if youre using my essay 😉 twitter @AimeeJsminee

The American Red Cross strateg essays

The American Red Cross strateg essays I will be using the American Red Cross. The American Red Cross, founded in 1881 by Clara Barton, is an independent organization supported by the American people through donations of time, money, and blood. Approximately 1.2 million people volunteer for the Red Cross, which makes up 90% of their work force.1 The American Red Cross is also non-profit organization that is committed to saving lives and easing suffering. This diverse organization serves humanity and helps people by providing relief to victims of disaster, both locally and globally. The Red Cross gives health and safety training to the public and provides emergency social services to the U.S. Military members and their families. The American Red Cross has been saving lives by providing health and safety education classes. Red Cross training ranges from First Aid, CPR from HIV/AIDS education to care giving programs like Babysitters. The American Red Cross is structured in a unique way. There is the National Red Cross and then there are local chapters that are independent to a certain degree. It is setup like a franchise business, in that a local chapter must obey the overall rules of the company, yet have some discretion on how to operate, which include raising it own operating cash. The local chapter must raise it own funds and from that send in a set amount to the national office. Each chapter is run by it own Board of Directors, which is made up of local community leaders. I will be using the Prince William Chapter of the American Red Cross, which has been serving the local area for the past 85 years. They offer 24-hour disaster relief, armed forces emergency services for members of the military and their loved ones, international tracing services and health safety courses. The chapter has a staff of five-paid employee that over see the daily operations, and over a 100 volunteers who help sever the community. ...

Accounting for Carbon

INTRODUCTION This article describes the impact of using various methods to calculate carbon emissions. This article briefly introduces the Kyoto Protocol. Then that involves accounting issues surrounding the carbon. The starting point to solve is to calculate carbon credits and free quota and then calculate debt. After considering current carbon accounting practices such as the International Financial Reporting Interpretation Committee Act No. 3, the net debt approach, approval of government subsidies, several other issues must be considered . Carbon accounts are listed as one of three Alipay accounts along with cash accounts and credit accounts to measure the user's low carbon activity. Ant Financials believes that the future of finance is green finance and we are committed to making the carbon account a global carbon measurement, trading and sharing platform. Carbon dioxide emissions from individuals, countries, or organizations can be measured by implementing greenhouse gas emissi ons estimates or other computational activities expressed as carbon calculations. Once you know the size of the carbon footprint, for example, through strategies to reduce it through technical development, process and product management improvements, green public or private procurement (GPP) changes, carbon recovery, consumption strategies, carbon offset, etc. You can design. . There are several free online carbon footprint calculators, including publicly available peer-reviewed data and computing support, such as the University of California, Berkeley's CoolClimate Network Research Alliance and CarbonStory. These sites are asking for answers to more or less detailed questions about meals, transportation, family size, shopping and entertainment activities, electricity consumption, heating, and heavy machinery such as dryers and refrigerators. The first step is to measure the carbon footprint of the company. But before you escape you will have to do some reading and start adding numb ers. So-called carbon accounting - There is a specific rule for carbon dioxide equivalent to corporate emissions, whether it is a national state, whether it is a company or an individual - the habit of measuring it. Let's see an example. Imagine your company selling widgets at Amazon provided by delivery company UPS. When someone buys one of your gadgets, the carbon used to deliver it is burned by your company, Amazon, UPS, or end user? It is difficult to say intuitively, but from the viewpoint of common sense, you can see that all parties are involved in different degrees.

You are an accountant in a medium-sized manufacturing company Research Paper

You are an accountant in a medium-sized manufacturing company - Research Paper Example Accruals are revenues already recognized, but no drawn cash or recorded cash such as rent, salaries and taxes in an industry. Estimates are a class of adjusting entries which occurs when the actual particulars of an expense is not easily determined such as an entry for wayward debt. Inventory is an adjusting entry since in an inventory system which is periodic; the adjusting entry helps in determining the outlay of goods sold expense. In a computerized system, these entries would first be characterized into prepayments and accruals then define expenses into prepaid expenses and accrued expenses while the revenues would fall into unearned revenue and accrued revenues (Warren, Reeve & Duchac, 2012). This would be necessary since the computer system only understands systemic information. Some of the ethical issues arising from these manufacturing entries as seen in the studies of Gilbertson & Lehman (2009) include honesty. This is where the person delegated the duty of recording the entries, is necessary to demonstrate honesty when recording the particulars to avoid errors, and misappropriations during in the final books of accounts since it would amount to fraud which is

Mastring Management 4330 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mastring Management 4330 - Assignment Example The management team is normally on the ground, and therefore; may have their new ideas and plans, which they may want incorporated. Hence, leaving out the managers in strategy and plan formulation will result in the new ideas and plans not implemented in a timely manner. Persuasion is one of the power and influence strengths that I will bring in the new company. The use of reason allows other employees in the company to see why the new proposed ideas make sense. Consequently, this will determine whether the ideas will be implemented in a timely manner or not. In cases whereby the ideas will not be implemented, the use of intimidation will become necessary. Since the managers still report to their former line managers, it is important that managers adjust to the new authority. In addition, applying pressure on the management team will increase productivity and reduce absenteeism (300). Introducing an open door policy increases the interaction between the subordinates, management and the vice president. In turn, as the vice president, I will know what is happening on the ground, which is important in decision making and increasing power and influence. In the case of absenteeism on the production floor, the retribution strategy will be effective. The managers on the production floor have a close connection with their subordinates, which prevent them from taking any action on their absenteeism. This has led to decrease in productivity. Putting pressure on the manager responsible, threatening him with sacking, will make him act on the absenteeism. Reciprocity strategy will be effective in tackling the issue of decreased productivity. Offering incentives and rewards will motivate both the managers and employees to meet their set targets. Successful implementation of the new ideas, strategies and plans will require the managers to understand them. Using the reason strategy, the values and set targets and achievements

British Poetry Essay Example for Free

British Poetry Essay The comparison and contrast of Wilfred Owens and Rupert Brookes approaches to the subject of war The Soldier by Rupert Brooke and Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen were both written during world war one. War and death are the themes of both poems but they are written from different perspectives. The two poets take different approaches in portraying the effect that war has on the people involved. The Soldier by Rupert Brooke idealises and glorifies war while Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen highlights the horror and cruelty of war. Wilfred Owen gives the reader the impression that war is horrible and that dying for one’s country is not all the glory and honour that it seems, and that in reality, dying in a war, no matter for what cause, can be both painful and full of suffering, while Rupert Brooke, on the other hand, gives the reader the impression that dying in war for one’s country, is very honourable, and glorious. In ‘Soldier’, Brooke expresses his love for England and how he believes it is right to fight and die for his country. However, Brooke never knew what war was like, as he died in 1915. Therefore, his poem is very idealistic. This is expressed when he writes, â€Å"†¦ there is a corner of a foreign field that is forever England†. Here, he sees the English soldiers’ bodies as parts of England. If they die on foreign soil, that land will be forever part of England because their soul remains there along with their values and love for England. Brooke does not describe the horrible nature of death in war and only tells how the soldier honors England by dying while defending the nation. He evokes positive feelings toward the war and describes optimistically the soldiers’ thoughts once the war has finished by using words like â€Å"happy dreams† and â€Å"laughter† By contrast, Wilfred Owen uses irony to portray war not as a glorious duty but as a barbaric massacre. â€Å"Dulce et decorum est/ pro patri mori† which mean: â€Å"it is sweet and honorable to die for one‘s country†. He considers this a lie for most soldiers after they see and live the reality of the war as soldiers. War can not be called sweet but horrible. Owen opposes to the idea of fighting in a war. Wilfred Owen focuses on the tragedy of war and the conditions of the soldiers. For example, he depicts the soldiers as â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks†. Generally, one thinks of a soldier as a man full of strength, who looks brave with his uniform and marches confidently to war. In contrast, Owen tries to make the soldiers look like penniless men and gives a sense of their non-glorified reality. Their uniforms, their psychological and physical health are destroyed. That shows how the battle has severely damaged the spirits of the soldiers. As can be easily seen, Brooke’s poem supports fighting for one’s country and patriotism, whereas Owen’s poem questions the reasons for fighting a war.

The facts of eating Poop!!!!!!!! :: essays research papers

The Facts of Eating PooP Have you ever wondered what it would do to you if you ever ate your poop or someone elses. Chances are you will die a day or two after eating poop. According to the national scientists organization where they test on collage students who are looking for quick money say that after their first thirteen sets of tests they began to realize that their test subjects also refered as humen lab mice say that eating poop has a very negative effect on your body. The effects range from eating stomick worms to death. So the nationa scientists organization reconmends that humans never ever ever ever eat any type of poop and when i sayu type i mean type because animal feces has a just as worse effect on the human and mice body as well. We know it has a bad effect on mice because all the mice that were forced to eat the various types of human and animal fecces/ poop died exactly 1 hour after ingesting the nasty poop.A case has been made where a mother of a son who participated in this very stupid an d dumb experiment died went to court and the mother lost acording to the libertysos lastanes news paper in a forbineded island. The mother did not win due to the document signed bt the sun saying that he aggreed that whatever happend to him during the test was his own fault and guess what the foolish boy actualy signed that document.But unfourtunetly the the lab mice can noat be used for any experiments because th e court said it was bad bad bad bad bad real bad animal crualty i mean they have to pay the apet store of which they owe it millions and trillion and a bazillion dollars. Ha look what you broght on your self you are freaky cowards . I meani expect kids to do animal cruelty but adults who aactualy know the law . or atleast they are supposed to know how very foolish. hehe you who evererer everer is readin this is very foolish to read this because this is a foolish paper and me myself am very real foolish to write this at all but you wanna know what else is also realy foolish it is foolish that my foolish teacher gave me a very foolish grade and its real foolish that the bag boy had to tripple bag the ice-cream.

Alibaba: Competing in China and Beyond Essay

Introduction In this report I will examine the case â€Å"Alibaba: Competing in China and Beyond.† Alibaba under the leadership of Jack Ma, its founder has transformed into one of the most successful e-commerce companies in China. In the 2000s Alibaba had emerged as the largest e-commerce company in China. The company tailored its strategies to meet the needs of the customers and made a mark because of its understanding of the Chinese language and culture. However, some experts have also raised doubts over the sustainability of Alibaba’s business model. In my report I will critically analyze the factors that led to Alibaba sustaining its leadership position in the Chinese e-commerce market. I will Discuss the rationale behind Ma establishing Taobao.com. I will examine the factors that led to Taoboa’s success in the Chinese online auctions market. Furthermore, with Baidu’s entry into the e-commerce market, I will discuss the challenges that Alibaba faces with regard to sustaining its position in the growing e-commerce market in China. Finally I will critically examine Alibaba’s business model, possibilities of global expansion and the overall sustainability of the company. Questions 1. One of the most significant factors that lead Alibaba Group sustaining its leadership positioning in the Chinese e-commerce market was its ability to understand the Chinese market itself. Jack Ma, Alibaba Groups founder understood that Chinese consumers and their preferences distinguished them selves from those in other countries. Other companies such as eBay did not appreciate the local market circumstances in China; instead, they were using the strategies that were working in the United States. I believe for this reason Alibaba Group was able to sustain its leadership position. Many of the competitors lacked understanding of the Chinese language as well as the culture. Moreover, Alibaba.com made its services extremely easy for its customers to use. Ma, himself, was a non-technical person and this helped him keep the websites more user-friendly. In the article Ma refers to this stating: (Deresky, 2010). â€Å"If you follow Google’s way, you always be a follower†¦ We have to make the Yahoo! Search engine more human, more interactive†¦ something for the 1.3 billion people in China who aren’t technology-oriented, who don’t know how to ask the right question to a search engine — for people who are like me.† (p.320) An added factor is the services that Alibaba.com offered. The company believed that the first thing to do was to build a devoted customer base. Therefore, before adding any charges, a lot of the services were free of charge. Alibaba.com offered many services such as email and listings of products/services free of charge. In addition, e-commerce was vulnerable due to the fact that sellers and buyers did not trust the idea of sending money before receiving their products and the sellers wanted the money before they shipped their products. For these purposes, Alibaba.com launched Alipay in 2004, which was an online payment solution that allowed the users to make money transactions in an easy, quick and safe way. All and all Alibaba.com basically concentrated greatly on increasing costumer satisfaction even on the expense of not gaining maximum profitability. The company made its customer and getting to know what customers want its number one. Question 2. Jack Ma established Taobao.com in May 2003 to enter the profitable e-commerce market. Taobao.com also symbolized a part of Ma’s Alibaba.com business model of joining SMEs, customers together, and helping SMEs grow. Taoboa’s goal was to generate an online trading platform for both B2C and C2C models. Several factors lead to Taoboa’s success over the rival eBay in the Chinese auctions market. First, Ma managed to raise a substantial investment of 56 million dollars from Softbank and teamed up with Masayoshi Son the founder and CEO of Softbank who had previously helped to defeat eBay in Japan (which lead to eBay leaving Japan in 2002). Also again Ma decided to build a loyal customer base before really attempting to make a profit; he did this by offering free listings as opposed to eBay, which charged for listings (Deresky, 2010). A major factors in Taoboa’s success was Alibaba Groups better management of the trust factor involved in e-commerce trading and better understanding of the local Chinese market. eBbay positioned its standard business model that was used in the United States and other countries. Taoboa, instead, established its own payment escrow service. With AliPay buyers paid into an escrow account that did not pay the seller until the buyer noted he had received the product; therefore, making the transaction thrust worthy since the money was in escrow until the transaction was completed (Deresky, 2010). Furthermore, Taoboa offered e-mail and chat services between users unlike eBay, which concealed identities and only had an offline messaging system. Taoboa also advertised aggressively through websites and billboards in major population areas something eBay did not do. The final steps of defeat for eBay was when Taobao offered three years of free listings and when Taoboa launched its B2C services in 2006. Moreover Taoboa had a large list of companies supporting it and also Alibaba.com members that could join easily. Overall Taoboa’s success over eBay has been attributed its ability to know the local Chinese market and adapt to it as opposed to eBay’s strategies of using a inefficient model that could not adapt to the Chinese market (Deresky, 2010). However, now Taoboa is facing competition from a company that knows the Chinese market very well. Taoboa’s main competitor Baidu, is the largest search engine market share holder in China. Baidu has a large, loyal customer base to work with and has ability to advertise and link its own ecommerce website. Taoboa will have many challenges facing the competition from Baidu. Never the less Alibaba Groups strong and evident presence in the Chinese e-comercial market signifies the company’s ability overtake its competitors by combining all services and maintaining the user-friendliness of its services in B2B, C2C and B2C markets. Question 3. Absolutely it is sustainable. As Alibaba Group now further develops and expands its various web services, it must also additionally develop the various products within each website. Alibaba Group should have one department focusing one website development aspect and another department focusing on product development aspect. The company can still capitalize on his legacy sites that have millions of monthly subscribers. The intention for the company should be to find a way to raise the monthly run rate on each customer on a yearly basis, this would allow Alibaba Group to use these profits to fund the company’s efforts to expand. In my opinion Alibaba Group should focus on moving into Russia first, using their political ties to their advantage. Russia has many raw materials but few factory centers like China. If they could move into Russia, this would effectively provide geographical access to the Middle East and Northern Europe in the future. However, after Russia, I would mainly focus on expanding through Southeast Asia all the way down to Australia. This would fundamentally provide an ecommerce solution that can link B2B, C2C, B2C, sales across the entire Eastern part of the world. Conclusion After reading the case and answering to the questions it seems like the case is too good to be true. Even though Jack Ma had proven his capability of  being a good leader and business man it is impressive how he started from scratch and was able to gather good people around him and develop this successful multinational company. I truly believe that Ma’s and Alibab Groups key to success were the founder people in the company. Overall I see Alibaba Groups story as a big success. It is truly a inspirational story. In the words of Ma’s business partner Masayoshi Son: (Deresky, 2010). â€Å"If there’s a company outside of America that can introduce a new business model to the world, it is Alibaba.† (Founder and CEO of Softbank Corporation, in Japan 2005.) Reference: Deresky, H (2010). International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures. 7th ed. Pearson Boston. 310-322.

Proposal For Water Heating and Conservation Essay

Thank you very much for your interest in our consultancy firm. It is great to know that you have a wonderful property at hand, but still recognize the need to make it even more special for yourself, and hence are considering a consultation. It would a great privilege to work with you on this project. Statement of the Problem To begin with, it would be prudent to identify and recognize the problem that we are in a capacity to solve for you. While some real estate owners consider handing over their entire set of construction related woes to a single firm, in today’s specialized and competitive times, it is best to go to a particular domain specialist for particular needs. In this case, it is impractical to think that a single agency can do everything. Our expertise is in water heating and water conservation, and that does form a vital and prominent part of your overall home condition. It is important to note here that the house is more than 100 years old, and hence the water tanks, piping and water heating have possibly deteriorated and need immediate attention. Their further negligence could have serious consequences. Also, as apparent from your letter, water conservation seems be also an issue with the house. The information you give regarding toilets, tanks, washing machines and showers all give an indication that you can have a more water conserved living. These are the main problems that we can help you with. Background of the Problem The most important thing to note is that the house is more than 100 years ago, and that is a defining aspect of the overall construction. Also, it seems like the original construction has not been modified or renovated and this is the main reason that heating and water conservation are likely to have been affected. There have been a lot of changes in the previous century related to developing newer and better techniques for water heating and conservation, and we will keep these in mind. Also, a growing concern in the past few years has been global warming, and as responsible citizens we all need to ensure that your ecological footprints are kept to a minimum. And the fact of the matter is that effective water heating and conservation of water forms an integral part of this. This is thus an area that needs quick attention. Overall, looking at the background of the problem, we would like to offer you tailor made solutions which will leverage current installations and also be cost effective for you, given your constraints. We intend to look for materials that provide the right quality at the right price. Let us articulate the various options that you can consider for this aspect of your home. Water Heating and Water Conservation Options The market today offers a plethora of options, and you can choose what you would like to go with, and that too when, depending on your preference and also the funds at your disposal at any given time. Some of the most popular ones are: a) Rainwater Harvesting The most simple and also the most effective method for water conservation is that of rainwater harvesting. Rainwater harvesting is an ideal option to utilize water that is from the environment itself and can easily be a part of your daily water requirements. Right from your gardening needs, to household water usage, to even more advanced uses can all be met using rainwater harvesting. The best part of this technique is that it is simple and requires collection and storage devices, and subsequently devices on efficiently utilize the water that has been retained. We can provide you with customized rainwater harvesting solutions, and design systems for collection, storage and also for a great utilization plan. Since you have slanted roofs, we can customize mechanisms to suit your needs. b) Water Efficiency From the information that you have given regarding water usage devices, there is definitely a scope for modifications and replacements. For example, the toilets with six single liter flushes need to be replaced, and we have a number of options that you can consider. The 0.8 gallon extra efficient toilet is one. It not only looks sleek and elegant, but will also greatly reduce your overall water usage. In terms of showers, conventional showers usually end up wasting a lot of water, and also are sometimes not able to give you the desired flow you need. We intend revamping these as well, and putting in their place new smart showers that give you more and also use less water. The various option here are the hand shower, or the telephone shower, which is attractive and through a cord allows you to focus on particular areas of your body, and thus cuts down on water usage. We also intend putting a aperture showerhead since this has a triangular showerhead, which thus helps it distribute water more evenly and hence also give you an enhanced showering experience. c) Solar Heating Solar heating is perfect for your house to cater to the heating requirements. As mentioned by you, there is currently no heating in both attic and basement, and if you intend to convert the basement into a self contained apartment, then it will need to have water heating in place as well. We can install an extremely effective photo voltaic roofing system which will ensure that you are able to tap into the sun to get hot water as and when required. We suggest you do away with the radiator heating system, and also upgrade from the old electric heating tank. d) Building Integrated Water Heating We can also offer you integrated water heating solutions that will tap solar energy and using conduction techniques, we can provide heating solutions to all parts of the house. Through regular heat transfer methods, this heat that is collected can be used to meet your water heating needs. In order to have a better idea of your specific requirements, and also give you a cost estimation of the changes we propose, we would like to visit your property at a convenient date and time for you. Once again, we thank you for considering our services. Should you have any more questions, please feel free to contact us. We are ready to assist you in all your home improvement needs.

The Creation of Britain’s Welfare State

The Creation of Britain’s Welfare State Before World War 2, Britains welfare - such as payments to support the sick - was overwhelmingly provided by private, volunteer institutions. But a change in outlook during the war allowed Britain to construct a Welfare State after the war: a country where the government provided a comprehensive welfare system to support everyone in their time of need. It remains largely in place today. Welfare Before the Twentieth Century In the twentieth century, Britain put into effect the modern Welfare State. However, the history of social welfare in Britain did not begin in this era, as people had spent centuries reforming how to deal with the sick, the poor, the unemployed and other people struggling with poverty. Churches and parishes had emerged from the medieval period with the leading role in caring for the disadvantaged, and Elizabethan poor laws clarified and reinforced the role of the parish. As the industrial revolution transformed Britain - as populations grew, gathered in expanding urban areas, and took up new jobs in ever increasing numbers - so the system to support people also evolved, sometimes with government laws once again clarifying efforts, setting contribution levels and providing care, but frequently thanks to charities and independently run bodies. Despite reformers trying to explain the reality of the situation, easy and mistaken judgments of the disadvantaged continued to be widespread, with poverty often being attributed to idleness or poor behavior rather than socio-economic factors, and there was no over-riding belief that the state should run its own system of universal welfare. People who wanted to help, or needed help, thus had to turn to the volunteer sector. These created a vast voluntary network, with mutual societies and friendly societies providing insurance and support. This has been called a mixed welfare economy, as it was a mixture of state and private initiatives. Some parts of this system included the workhouses, places where people would find work and shelter, but at a level so basic they would be encouraged to seek outside work to better themselves. On the other end of the modern compassion scale, you had bodies set up by professions such as miners, into which they paid insurance and which protected them from accident or illness. 20th Century Welfare Before Beveridge The origins of the modern Welfare State in Britain are often dated to 1906, when Herbert Asquith and the Liberal party gained a landslide victory and entered government. They would go on to introduce welfare reforms, but they did not campaign on a platform of doing so; in fact, they avoided the issue. But soon their politicians were making changes to Britain because there was pressure building to act. Britain was a rich, world leading nation, but if you looked you could easily find people who were not just poor, but actually living below the poverty line. The pressure to act and unify Britain into one mass of secure people and counter the feared division of Britain into two opposed halves (some people felt this had already happened), was summed up by Will Crooks, a Labour MP who said in 1908 Here in a country rich beyond description there are people poor beyond description. The early twentieth century reforms included a means-tested pension, non-contributory, pension for people over seventy (the Old Age Pensions Act), as well as the National Insurance Act of 1911 which provided health insurance. Under this system, the friendly societies and other bodies continued to run the healthcare institutions, but the government organized the payments in and out. Insurance was the key idea behind this, as there was reluctance among the Liberals over raising income taxes to pay for the system. (Its worth noting that German Chancellor Bismarck took a similar insurance over direct tax route in Germany.) The Liberals faced opposition, but Lloyd George managed to persuade the nation. Other reforms followed in the inter-war period, such as the Widows, Orphans, and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act of 1925. But these were making changes to the old system, tacking on new parts, and as unemployment and then depression strained the welfare apparatus, people began to look for other, far larger scale, measures, which would ditch the idea of the deserving and undeserving poor completely. The Beveridge Report In 1941, with World War 2 raging and no victory in sight, Churchill still felt able to order a commission to investigate how to rebuild the nation after the war. This included a committee which would span multiple government departments and would investigate the nations welfare systems and recommend improvements. Economist, Liberal politician and employment expert William Beveridge was made the chairman of this commission. Beveridge was an ambitious man, and he came back on December 1st, 1942 with The Beveridge Report (or Social Insurance and Allied Services as it was officially known). His involvement had been so great his fellows had decided to sign it with just his signature. In terms of Britains social fabric, this is arguably the most important document of the twentieth century. Published just after the first major Allied victories, and tapping into this hope, Beveridge made a raft of recommendations for transforming British society and ending want. He wanted cradle to the grave security (while he did not invent this term, it was perfect), and although the ideas were rarely new, more a synthesis, they were published and accepted so widely by an interested British public as to make them an intrinsic part of what the British were fighting for: win the war, reform the nation. Beveridges Welfare State was the first officially proposed, fully integrated system of welfare (although the name was by then a decade old). This reform was to be targeted. Beveridge identified five giants on the road to reconstruction that would have to be beaten: poverty, disease, ignorance, squalor, and idleness. He argued these could be solved with a state-run insurance system, and in contrast to the schemes of previous centuries, a minimum level of life would be established that was not extreme or punishing the sick for not being able to work. The solution was a welfare state with social security, a national health service, free education for all children, council-built and run housing, and full employment. The key idea was that everyone who worked would pay a sum to the government for as long as they worked, and in return would have access to government aid for the unemployed, ill, retired or widowed, and extra payments to aid those pushed to the limit by children. The use of universal insurance removed the means test from the welfare system, a disliked - some may prefer hated - pre-war way of determining who should receive relief. In fact, Beveridge didnt expect government expenditure to rise, because of the insurance payments coming in, and he expected people to still save money and do the best for themselves, very much in the thinking of the British liberal tradition. The individual remained, but the State provided the returns on your insurance. Beveridge envisaged this in a capitalist system: this was not communism. The Modern Welfare State In the dying days of World War 2, Britain voted for a new government, and the campaigning of the Labour government brought them into power (Beveridge wasnt elected.) All the main parties were in favor of the reforms, as Labour had campaigned for them and promoted them as a just reward for the war effort, they commenced, and a series of acts and laws were passed. These included the National Insurance Act in 1945, creating compulsory contributions from employees and relief for unemployment, death, sickness, and retirement; the Family Allowances Act providing payments for large families; the Industrial Injuries Act of 1946 providing a boost for people harmed at work; Aneurin Bevans 1948 National Health Act, which created a universal, free for all social healthcare system; the 1948 National Assistance Act to help all in need. The 1944 Education act covered the teaching of children, more acts provided Council Housing, and reconstruction began to eat into unemployment. The vast network of volunteer welfare services merged into the new government system. As the acts of 1948 are seen as key, this year is often called the start of Britains modern Welfare State. Evolution The Welfare State was not forced; in fact, it was widely welcomed by a nation which had largely demanded it after the war. Once the Welfare State was created it continued to evolve over time, partly due to the changing economic circumstances in Britain, but partly due to the political ideology of the parties which moved in and out of power. The general consensus of the forties, fifties, and sixties began to change in the late seventies, when Margaret Thatcher and the Conservatives began a series of reforms regarding the size of the government. They wanted fewer taxes, less spending, and so a change in welfare, but equally were faced with a welfare system that was starting to become unsustainable and top heavy. There were thus cuts and changes and private initiatives began to grow in importance, starting a debate over the role of the state in welfare which continued through to the election of the Tories under David Cameron in 2010, when a Big Society with a return to a mixed welfare e conomy was touted.

Racism In Football (Soccer) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racism In Football (Soccer) - Essay Example Such an understanding is not only important for those who love or those who are a part of the game but also for those who are students of sociology, popular culture, and even human resource management. The literature on the topic is quite varied and ranges from academic studies made of the salaries given to various players along with their race and individual performance to reports of racism given by players who have been in the field for many years. For example, Moran (2000) presents an article which discusses the presence of racism in football despite the prevalence of anti-racist initiatives within the game. He does this by presenting evidence in relation to himself and others who have faced racism. He also gives the various challenges which black players have to face due to the presence of racist behaviour and suggests that there are different forms of racism against players (Moran, 2000). His ideas of economic and salary based discrimination is supported by the study done by Szymanski (2000) who is an economist at Imperial College. This study came to the result that football clubs have discriminated against black players in more ways than one. The comparison of the salaries of black players with white players is certainly an indicator of that. Clubs are also shown to undervalue their black players even though the performance of black players is better than what their wages get them. Clubs such as Scunthorpe United and Preston North End are two of the main culprits in this regard (Szymanski, 2000). Of course the problem is not only limited to black players since British Asian footballers also face the issue of discrimination against them at the professional level. Burdsey (2004) examines the ways in which British Asian footballers perceive racism as a factor which influences their under-representation in the professional leagues. He argues that problems of

Recommendation report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Recommendation report - Essay Example Another important concept is that of saving and maintaining face. Losing face has negative consequences one’s reputation. To avoid losing face, Singaporeans publicly control their behavior and emotions. They do not criticize others openly and do use plenty of non-verbal communication. Sometimes, it is just as important to save the face of others one’s own group among Singaporeans. Nevertheless, being aware of such idiosyncrasies will keep you abreast of those without this knowledge. Singaporeans often rely upon facial expression, tone of voice, and posture to communicate feelings (Warnstam, 2007). They tend to communicate subtly or implicitly. For example, instead of saying â€Å"no,† they may just say, â€Å"I will try.† Silence also communicates. For example, a pause before response to a question means the respondent has given appropriate thought to his or her response. Furthermore, intense eye contact with a senior person is a sign of disrespect. These are just some of the more important cultural realities to keep in mind while doing business in Singapore. Most of these will help make doing business less confusing for both you and your counterparts. Personal relationships are the cornerstone of business relationships in Singapore (Kwintessential, 2004). Once recognized as part of a group, you will be accepted and expected to obey group standards.   Nevertheless, relationships take time. Be patient to demonstrate Nothing Ventured is there for long-term gains. Make appointments at least two weeks in advance when possible. Arrive at meetings on time. Punctuality is a virtue. Make small talk before business discussions, and make presentations complete with charts, figures, and resources. These things show Singaporeans you are committed to the business relationships you are building and that you are not fly-by-night. Business cards hold specific behavior mores. Business cards are

Love.Rapid weight gain during infancy and obesity in young adulthood Research Paper

Love.Rapid weight gain during infancy and obesity in young adulthood in a cohort of african American - Research Paper Example It involved selecting a cohort of 300 African Americans born at full term and their progress followed from birth to 20 years of age. The study was slow since it took the researchers two decades to get the appropriate outcome and results. The subjects used in the study were living and made for a more informative interview. The outcome of the research was general and gave satisfying results. The statistical analyses used in the study included; finding the weight of the subjects as recommended by Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) using the LMS method and a representative sample of the US population (Stettler et al, 2003). In analyzing, a pattern of quick rate of weight gain in the first 4 months of life, was defined as an increase in weight-for-age z score>b SD between birth and 4 months. The major result in table 1 show that the population attributes risk of young adulthood obesity was 30% for a pattern of rapid weight gain during infancy. 1 Â ½ of the obese young adults in the early infancy gained a quick weight (Stettler et al, 2003). 15% of African americans with and 6% without a quick mass increase throughout untimely infancy became ‘overweight –overfat’ in childish adulthood. In table 2, a quick weight gain in the early infancy and adult obesity was found out by sexual category, delivery weight, gestational time, firstborn condition, maternal BMI, motherly smoking condition or education (Stettler et al, 2003). OR information represents ‘odds ratios’ while CI represents ‘Confidence Intervals’. OR of 5.22 signifies harm in relation to the risk of quick weight gain as infant compared to weight as an immature adult, since gaining weight will affect the internal organs by fats blocking the body tissues. The biological facts of clinical knowledge are significant in comprehending and analyzing the results. The clinical implications of the study included using alternate definitions based on BMI or BMI combining it with

The Prairie is My Garden and The Old Settlers Essay

The Prairie is My Garden and The Old Settlers - Essay Example Comparing these two artworks, it would be worthy to admit that the artist mastered to use almost the same background but the individuals depicted are absolutely different. Different is the weather, colors, and width of brush strokes. Both works are magnificent and authentic. Both of them depict the character of their creator. Dunn himself was a son of homesteaders, probably this was a reason for his aspiration for painting prairies and small houses. There are houses placed not far away, on the line of the horizon. The line of the horizon lies upper than the middle part of the painting. The lines are clear, the prairie is performed with the help of the wide brush strokes, small details on people are more accurate. The shapes looks very natural, the plain prairie is connected with right angles of the houses and the roundish shapes of a woman and a girl. The heavy weight of a land is balanced with the light sky. The lightest part of the painting is the sky. Overall impression of the pai nting is light. It is a day time and everything is rather light and bright, and the weather is good. The space is shown three-dimensional due to the usage of the perspective – houses seem to be small and people are big. Colors are mild, the balance is reached due to the composition of the ground and objects, the emphasis is put on the human figures. The second artwork, â€Å"The Old Settlers,† also oil on canvas, depicts the two old people, a man and a woman, who are standing near each other. They are also located in the prairie. .

Impact of NGOs on Food Poverty

Impact of NGOs on Food Poverty The Geopolitical of food is the human science that studies all the influences, the interactions, and flux that Food brings on earth on a global or local level. It is a really broad and imperative subject in a world constituted by 7 million mouths to feed. But in this broad subject, a challenge is emerging, the challenge of feeding 3 to 5 more billions people in just 35 years within an industry already showing some weaknesses. This challenge can be seen as a social problem, but also as opportunities for agro-alimentary businesses to increase their production and at the same time their turnover for a fast growing market. According to A. Maslow’s hierarchy of need published in Motivation and Personality (1970), food and water are part of the physiological needs, the basic needs of a human being. These needs are the needs that a person requires to satisfy to survive on a day to day basis (A. Maslow, 1970). The question of how can we feed the world in 2050 with an increasing population; can be seen as a future important issue for many. However, in 2014, according to the last numbers of the United Nation Organization, more than 850 million people are enable to satisfy this basic need on earth, while 40% of the production is just wasted in developed countries. This shows us the size of inequality amongst the world. Moreover, the 29 of October 2014, the Union Nation Organization’s secretary general Ban Ki-moon asked for help from all de members according to the Somalia situation. This country after facing a famine recently in 2011 is on the edge of a new starvation at the moment where nearly 1 million people are surviving in situations close of starvation.Furthermore, according to the NBC news, another country is presently threatened by the food shortage. Ethiopia which already faced a huge starvation in 1992 is now threatened again with 10 million mouths who desperately need emergency food aid. For P. Timmer expert in the development of countries, in the agricultural economics and the rural development of supermarkets and owner of a PhD, a MA and an AB from of the Harvard University the question of feeding everyone is no more an economic issue but a moral obligation. To him, the problem comes from the fact that the world is subject to an unequal repartition of food and resources and that the care dedicated to that is insufficient (P. Timmer, 2014). To confirm that, a report regrouping the thinking of 300 experts of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations staked that one of the main responsible of the hunger in the world is effectively due to a disparity in the repartition of the topsoil. Still according to this report, the increasing demand of food by the word is not only due to the increasing population but also, and on a large part, to the modification of the habits in the developing countries as an effect of the enrichment of the population. The incre ment of their standards of living increases and diversifies their needs which lead to an augmentation of their needs and wants (FAO, 2009). To go deeper inside the problem, the article of the FAO concentrate itself on the problem on a short term basis rather than the long term one. According the article, during the past 3 years, we have seen a strong prices increment within the agro alimentary industry. This increase has deeply affected the emerging countries where the population is really sensible to it (FAO, 2009). One of the explanations could be related to the market rules. When the demand increases and the offer stay the same the prices upturn. During the early 20s, regarding the upcoming issue, in November 2001, a summit was organized by the World Trade Organization (WTO) called the Doha Cycle based on a three years program. The main objectives of this negotiation was the opening of the market regarding the worldwide agriculture business, the free access to industrial products and the removal of the protectionism amongst the countries ( fact that each country protect its borders in different ways according to different products). This summit involved different countries such as the Triade (USA, European Union and Japan) and the biggest agricultural producers, Brazil, India, Argentina and Australia. These negotiations were declared as a failure in July 2006 by Pascal Lamy, the director of the WTO back then. The reason for this failure was the incapacity of the entire member to come to a common agreement according to all the point stated earlier and the fact that the major actors tried to obtain advantages as an outcome of these negotiations. For instance, one of the big disagreements was between India and the USA (Anon, 2015). The developing country wanted to increase its customs duty if the importations was increasing more than 15% but the USA didn’t want them to do so before 40% (Kumar and Nair, 2009). The 28th of July 2006, the summit was officially suspended without any solution to the matter (Cho, 2006). Despite this big failure, in 2013, a success has been seen amongst the World Trade Organization with the signature of its first multi-lateral agreement, the Paquet of Bali, which was called the light of Doha. This agreement has, again, as main purpose the question of the world food security (lOMC, 2013). But according to some economist, this success is to be taken with care as the agreement is not as broad as the previous Doha cycle agreement. Moreover, it has some blind spot as the exportation allowance for instance (Lorot, 2014). To achieve the millennium challenge and according to the FAO article, one of the solutions would be the massive investment in the agro-alimentary industry of the emerging country. To them, the increase of 60% of those investments would help them to develop their industry and become stronger within the global market. The objective is to develop their productiveness in order to introduce and make them become actives actors of the global market and at the end profit from it. To do so, their objective is to provide decent revenues to the farmers in order to encourage them. This investment should be focus on the entire business field in order to increase their yield (production and distribution). The money engaged could help the development of roads, ports, energies, irrigations and stock management (FAO, 2009). With the same way of thinking the World Bank initiate a program called the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP) with an investment of 51 million of American dolla rs (World Bank, 2013). This program has as main purpose the development of yield in emerging countries by increase the collaboration at a regional level and also by facilitating their access to technologies and innovation in order for them to be more productive (Fidafrique.net). This initiative has shown some positive outcomes amongst the emerging countries of Africa. According to the result statement of this project the outcome was mostly positive and accurate. Through this report, we can see that the releases of technologies are enormous and sometime went over the initial objectives (Banquemondiale.org, 2013). Also, the outcome of this project could be qualified as Satisfactory with an increment of the yield of production in emerging countries (World Bank, 2013). But according to the article entitled ‘’Le cycle de Doha na accouchà © finalement que dun accord a minima en dà ©cembre dernier à   Bali’’ By Pascal Lorot published in ‘’Le nouvelle Economist’’ in 2014 the World Trade Organization needs has to face some issues amongst itself in order to be able to solve other problems. This point of view is also shared by P. Timmer in his article ‘’Ending hunger in our lifetime: Food security and globalization’’. Compared to the world were the WTO was created, the world has changed. The author explains that nowadays all the countries have seen the downside of the globalization and the worldwide market which is in general a contrast of its effect amongst the world. While some of the countries benefit from it, others are put into a difficult situation where they can’t sustain themselves without help by creating a modern and perverse sort of colonialism. Regarding those disadvantages and because of sort of apprehension, countries these days, avoid letting their proper advantages for the benefit of the world market. This fact can be one of the main one that lead to the failure of the Doha Cycle. As the main purpose of the World Trade Union is the ‘’promotion’’ of this unique market it’s actually facing an identity crisis which makes it at some point weak. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation is a part United Nation and deal with the food matter around the world and, also, try to solve them by advising, helping and proposing some strategic plan to the countries facing difficulties. According to their official website, the organism has as main objectives: Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and sustainable Reduce rural poverty Enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems Increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises (Fao.org,2015) Actually, this organization is controversial due to the outcome provided and its cost for countries in difficulty. For instance in 2008, the Senegal president’s state that the effort of the FAO to keep the food price under control has bought them to increase in a faster and more important way. Some global food prices have nearly doubled in the past three years, provoking riots and other protests in Africa, Asia and Latin America (News.bbc.co.uk, 2008). According to a SWOT analysis presented of the official website of the organization these bad result could be explain by different factor. The unpredictability of production yield leave uncertainty amongst the industry which make strategic plan difficult to organize and put into action. Also the lack of communication between the farmers, the association and other player make the coordination hard and rigid between them which weaker the effects and outcomes of any process. Another key factor which is hard to predict is the costume r behavior. For instance, if a country wants to focus of a new market providing a new type of food, it is hard to know with certitude the population reaction according to it. Moreover the investments in this field are poor which limit its outcomes. In this Master Thesis, regarding the facts stated earlier, and by focusing and frame ourselves on the geographical, ecological, cultural, economic and political aspect, we will try to find out rather or not the non-governmental organizations are still, nowadays, able to provide an effective solution to those issues or on the contrary, do they need to go through some changes on different field in order for them to be not just reactive but also proactive related to the challenges of the whole humanity by 2050. To do so, we will structure our thought in a specific way. Initially, we will study different articles which are strongly related to the issue and the problematic stated earlier to have a better understanding of the matter and acquire a strong overview of the entire field aimed coming from existing conclusion and ideas from authors. Then, to continue with the understanding of the matter, we are going to have a close look to the different actors of the world according to the angle chosen and their different actions and outcomes. Afterward, we will do a strong and deep analysis of the matter based of the information gathered from the previous part in order to withdraw our own study and conclusion. Finally, founded on the previous conclusion, we will try to sort out the opportunities of the situation and give also some concrete solutions to the matter in order to improve the present solution. References Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/31/wto.india [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Banquemondiale.org, (n.d.). Projets : Programme de productività © agricole en Afrique de l’Ouest (WAAPP) | La Banque Mondiale. [online] Available at: http://www.banquemondiale.org/projects/P094084/west-africa-agricultural-productivity-program-waapp?lang=fr [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Cho, S. (2006). The WTO Doha Round Negotiation: Suspended Indefinitely | ASIL. [online] Asil.org. Available at: http://www.asil.org/insights/volume/10/issue/22/wto-doha-round-negotiation-suspended-indefinitely [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. FAO, (2009). FAO Nouvelles: 2050: 2,3 millliards de bouches de plus à   nourrir. [online] Fao.org. Available at: http://www.fao.org/news/story/fr/item/35656/icode/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Fidafrique.net, (n.d.). PPAAO WAAPP | FIDAfrique IFADAfrica. [online] Available at: http://www.fidafrique.net/rubrique1193.html [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Kumar, R. and Nair, S. (2009). INDIA: STRATEGIES AT THE DOHA DEVELOPMENT AGENDA- JULY AND BEYOND. Geneva, p.4. lOMC, (2013). OMC | Nouvelles 2013 Jours 3, 4 et 5: Un â€Å"Paquet de Bali† voit le jour à   l’issue de consultations-marathon. [online] Wto.org. Available at: https://www.wto.org/french/news_f/news13_f/mc9sum_07dec13_f.htm [Accessed 4 Mar. 2015]. nbnbn,, n. (2015). The West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP) : Rice farming sector support through Japan Policy and Human Resources Development Fund (PHRD). [online] Worldbank.org. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2014/10/01/phrd-results-agriculture-in-africa [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. OMC, (n.d.). OMC | Programme de Doha La Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½claration de Doha expliquà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e. [online] Wto.org. Available at: https://www.wto.org/french/tratop_f/dda_f/dohaexplained_f.htm [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. World Bank, (2013). Implementation Status Results Africa West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP) (P094084). P094084 Implementation Status Results Report : Sequence 07. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Simons, A., Irwin, D. and goderDrinnien, B. (1987). he Search for Understanding. New York: West Publishing Company.

The Tragedy of King Lear Analysis Essay -- King Lear Shakespeare Essay

The Tragedy of King Lear Analysis Lear: By Jupiter, I swear no! Kent: By Juno, I swear ay. In The Tragedy of King Lear, particularly in the first half of the play, Lear continually swears to the gods. He invokes them for mercies and begs them for destruction; he binds both his oaths and his curses with their names. The older characters—Lear and Gloucester—tend view their world as strictly within the moral framework of the pagan religion. As Lear expresses it, the central core of his religion lies in the idea of earthly justice. In II.4.14-15, Lear expresses his disbelief that Regan and Albany would have put the disguised Kent, his messenger, in stocks. He at first attempts to deny the rather obvious fact in front of him, objecting â€Å"No† twice before swearing it. By the time Lear invokes the king of the pagan gods, his refusal to believe has become willful and almost absurd. Kent replies, not without sarcasm, by affixing the name of the queen of the gods to a contradictory statement. The formula is turned into nonsense by its repetition. In contradicting Lear’s oath as well as the assertion with which it is coupled, Kent is subtly challenging Lear’s conception of the universe as controlled by just gods. He is also and perhaps more importantly, challenging Lear’s relationship with the gods. It is Kent who most lucidly and repeatedly opposes the ideas put forth by Lear; his actions as well as his statements undermine Lear’s hypotheses about divine order. Lear does not find his foil in youth but in middle age; not in the opposite excess of his own—Edmund’s calculation, say—but in Kent’s comparative moderation. Likewise the viable alternative to his relationship to divine justice is not shown by Edmund with his ... ...wo of them as â€Å"God’s spies† (Lear, V.3.17). This is the first time that Lear refers to God rather than a god or gods. In this metaphor, he and Cordelia are God’s employees and dependents rather than a necessary part of a natural order. He does not form his divine reference as an oath; he neither commands nor supplicates. It is a sweet vision and a sharp contrast to Lear’s earlier invocations of the gods. Were there some divine preceptor bent on teaching Lear an earthly lesson, he could safely say that it was learnt. But the play, of course, continues. What is important, finally, is not that Lear learns, but that we the audience learn. One of the most important aspects of this learning is anticipated by Kent, who first points out that any invocation of Jupiter can be countered by an opposite invocation of Juno to the same effect, which is to say none at all.

Determining the mass of calcium carbonate obtained Essay

Purpose: The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the mass of calcium carbonate obtained from the reaction between calcium chloride and sodium carbonate. Apparatus: – Three beakers (250 – ml) – Spatula – Balance à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.1g – Filtration setup – Filter paper – Stirring rod – Plastic wash bottle Materials: – Sodium Carbonate – Calcium chloride – Distilled water Procedure 1. Weigh out 4.0g of calcium chloride (111g/mol) and dissolve in enough distilled water. 2. Weigh out 6.0g of sodium carbonate (106g/mol) and dissolve in enough distilled water. 3. Pour the sodium carbonate solution into the beaker containing calcium chloride solution. 4. Stir the mixture. Set up the filtration apparatus. Weigh the filter paper and then filter the mixture. Rinse the beaker and empty the contents in the funnel. Wash the precipitate with distilled water several times. 5. Place the filter paper with the precipitate and leave it to dry out. After it is completely dry, then weigh the dry filter paper with the precipitate. Data Table: Measurements taken in the experiment Mass of the filter paper 2.00g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g Mass of filter paper with the precipitate (after filter paper dried) 5.10g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g Mass of precipitate 3.10g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g* *The mass has an error of (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01) because of the reading in the mass, in which they show up to only 2 decimal points 1. The equation of the reaction that took place is shown below, in which a grey/white precipitate of calcium carbonate was produced. CaCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) —> Ca (CO3) (s) + 2NaCl (aq) Calcium + sodium —> calcium + sodium Chloride carbonate carbonate chloride 2. The theoretical mass and the experimental mass are going to be found out in order to see how much calcium carbonate should be obtained theoretically and how much was produced in the real reaction. To find the theoretical mass of calcium carbonate, firstly we have to find the limiting reagent in the reaction. The mole ratio from the equation is CaCl2 : Na2CO3 1 : 1 The actual mole ratio of reagents present is Mass in g – 4 : 6 Molar mass in g mol ^-1 – 110.98 : 105.99 n = mass – 0.03604 : 0.056609 . Molar mass Having looked at the mole ratio, it is apparent that since calcium chloride has the lowest number of moles present, it is therefore the limiting reagent. The limiting reagent calcium chloride is therefore used to calculate the theoretical mass of calcium carbonate that can be obtained: Theoretical yield = number of moles of limiting reagent x mass of calcium . carbonate = 0.03604 x (40.08 + 12.01 + 16 + 16 + 16) = 0.03604 x 100.09 = 3.6g 3. Therefore theoretically the mass of the calcium carbonate that can be obtained is 3.6g. The theoretical yield assumes that everything reacts perfectly, and we are able to recover everything 100%. These ideal conditions are rarely present and so we would expect the actual yield to be less than the theoretical yield for this reason. To calculate the experimental mass, the following calculation is done: Experimental mass = Mass of filter paper with the precipitate – Mass of filter paper = 5.1g – 2g = 3.1g As expected the experimental mass is lower than the theoretical mass. 4. It is not advisable to use sodium carbonate to calculate the amount of product in the reaction. The theoretical yield depends on the limiting reagent and not the other. Here the two reactants are in a molar ratio 1:1 but the actual molar ratio is 0.03604:0.056609. The sodium carbonate is in excess. It is not possible even under ideal conditions for every sodium carbonate to react to form the product. Therefore it is not advisable to use this. Conclusion Having looked at the results, it is clearly seen that the actual experimental mass is less than the theoretical mass yield. This is not an unexpected result. According to my results the actual mass of the precipitate produced was 3.1g, while that of the theoretical mass is 3.6g. The percentage yield of this reaction can be calculated by; Percentage yield = Actual mass X 100 = 3.1 X 100 = 86% . Theoretical mass 3.6 The maximal yield of a chemical reaction would be 100%, a value that is never reached. Yields about 90% are called very good, yields above about 75% are called good, yields below about 60% are called modest, whilst yields below 30% are called poor. This experiment had a border-line very good yield in regards to these literature guidelines. In practise the theoretical yield based on the balanced chemical equation is never achieved owing to impurities in reagents, side reactions and other sources of experimental error. The possible sources of error in this experiment may include: – Material used may have been tampered with and so would affect the overall results. – Wrong measurements were taken. – Error arrising from human judgement. – The balance only recorded 2decimal points. – The filter paper may not have been left long enough to dry. A possible modification to this experiment would be to make the sodium carbonate the limiting reageant rather then the calcium chloride as it was in this case. This would be done so that we would have a smaller number of moles of sodium carbonate then calcium chloride. Although my experiment was successful, many improvement could have been made to both my experiment and too the experiment. This includes: – Repeating the measurements for more trials so that more accurate answers could be found. – Using an accurate method to measure the mass, so as to reduce the errors in the experiment. – Make sure that none of the compound is accidentally spilled out. – Use larger quantities so to reduce the error in their recording